Volcano High Command: The New Office

We’ve only just started going through the massive amount of data we got from our Chile expedition. Now that we are (almost) all back in Cambridge, we are going to start powering through spectrometer and UV camera data from Villarrica and Lascar. Just in time for our data crunching sessions to begin, we’ve been moved into a new office (which I am now calling “Volcano High Command”) in the Geography Department.

Our glorious new office

It may look barren and deserted now, but hopefully it’ll be a hustling and bustling center for volcanologic research here in no time!

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Post Fieldwork Chaos

The group has come back from the North, and we are now sorting gear and data in our favorite hostel (the Don Santiago hostel in Santiago, Chile) as well as going through a month of backed up emails.

Who knew that returning from fieldwork would be more work than doing the actual fieldwork! Here’s a glimpse into the amount of stuff we are going through:

Fieldwork equipment, gas masks, pots, pans, and lots of data!

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Antofagasta – leaving for Láscar

After a few days’ travel north, we are in the town of Antofagasta preparing to drive into the Atacama desert towards Lascar. The region has some impressive geology – and there is hardly any vegetation to obscure outcrops – so here are some of the views from the Pan-American highway as we drove north yesterday.

We aren’t sure yet of how close we can get to Láscar – it will depend on driving conditions and the latest updates from Sernageomin – but are looking forward to seeing the volcano and finding out what we can measure!

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Viaje al Norte — Lascar here we come

We’ve stopped in the town of Talca for a few hours sleep in a bed last night as we head back north. Kelby is scheduled to depart from Santiago in two days’ time, and the remaining four Volcanofiles will then make our way north to Lascar and the Altiplano.

Lascar was recently put on high alert status (see our previous post) due to the clusters of earthquakes (up to 300 in one day) centered around the volcanic edifice. If we can gain access, we hope to get some good information about Lascar’s plume just before it erupts (unless, of course, it goes off while we are there!)

The drive to the north is a long one, so we won’t be at the volcano for another several days to a week from now. Keep an eye on Lascar by watching SERNAGEOMIN’s webcam:


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Puyehue-Cordón Caulle – the eruption

The drive towards Puyehue-Cordón Caulle began on Tuesday morning, when we set off from Villarrica. As we passed through Los Lagos – the lake region – the plume from the eruption became visible in the distance.

Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption column – view from the north

Late on Tuesday afternoon, we turned up in the town of Rininahue and – eventually – found the local Carabineros (police). The police officer on duty took our names and showed us some of his amazing photos from the eruption. Apparently the main park entrance was closed and the best route in was from the north; the carabineros had travelled there on horseback. He gave us instructions on how to find the house of a guide, Hector Para, whose name had been given to us by OVDAS.

With a vague understanding that we were to take lots of right turns and drive twelve kilometres, we set off and – not suprisingly – got completely lost. A shopkeeper and a few passers-by tried to help us, and the outcome was that, a couple of hours later, we were on a steep 4WD track with two very small cars and no idea whether the mysterious Hector was to be found in that direction. We sensibly decided it was time to call it a night, and camped at a flatter spot down the road.

The amount of ash that had been ground into the road (plus the fact that it was really a 4WD track) made it difficult for our cars to get any further.

There was ash everywhere – coating the road and the trees on either side. I wondered whether this could really be recent ash from the eruption, until Kayla pointed out that it could easily have been blown around by passing cars.

Upon phoning Hector’s number the next morning, and explaining to whoever had answered the phone that we couldn’t make it to his place in our cars, we found ourselves agreeing to meet him next to a fish farm in an hour’s time. In due course, a priest named Gabriel arrived in a big red pickup, and drove us up to the house. We weren’t entirely sure what was happening – Hector wasn’t there, although a few other people were; it was almost noon and probably too late to start hiking into Puyehue National Park; apparently the forecast was for rain the following day and there was so much ash around that we were concerned about lahars. Some discussion followed about the weather and the possibility of starting off early the next morning.

The next thing we knew, we were on another four wheel drive track in Gabriel’s pickup. There was a brief stop so that he could cut us some walking poles.

Padre Gabriel – handy with a machete

Then we were walking through a forest that got progressively quieter and greyer as the ash thickened, and out onto and over a series of eerie ash-covered hills. The only animal I saw or heard on the way in was a small lizard, before we entered the national park.

The National Park entrance

We could hear the booming of the volcano in the distance, getting louder as we approached. In some places, the ash layers were so thick that it felt like walking over sand dunes.

A couple of quick photos of the eruption:

Cordon-Caulle eruption

The Volcanofiles watch the erupting vent. Puyehue itself is in the background, barely visible through the ash.

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Vamos al Sur – Heading south to Puyehue-Cordón Caulle

Mañana the Volcanofiles head south to Puyehue-Cordón Caulle, a volcano that has been erupting for some time now and (as you may or may not remember) diverted and haulted airline traffic in the southern hemisphere last year. We do not yet know how close we will be able to get to the crater itself or what kind of measurements we will be able to take. We will speak with local contacts near the volcano when we arrive tomorrow.

Internet connection will be slim to none down there. We will continue to update via Spot Connect on Twitter and Facebook, but you can also keep an eye on the volcanic situation by monitoring the three webcams that OVDAS has monitoring Puyehue.




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Villarrica day 3 – First Summit day

Wednesday February 8th was the day that the first group would summit Villarrica. The plan: Summit Team (Kayla, Kelby, and Tehnuka) would leave the house early and ascend to the top of the volcano carrying a filterpack, traversing DOAS, and sun photometer, along with our guide, Tomas. The Ground Team (Nial and Yves) would be stationed at Los Crateres gathering data with a UV camera, scanning DOAS, stationary DOAS, and HD video camera.

The summit to the crater is a 2-4 hour hike (depending on how fast you can go up a steep slope) and requires a ski lift followed by a long slog up a rocky slope, then about an hour hiking up the icy glaciers with crampons and ice axes. We began early in the morning, arriving at the bottom of the ski lift at about 8am packed down with gear, helmets, gas masks, and climbing equipment. The hike was much less strenuous than any of us anticipated, and it offerred an astouding view of the surrounding lowlands.

The ski lift saves about an hour of hiking time at the beggining of the ascent

The summit team made it to the top in about 3 hours time and began setting up equipment. Due to park regulations, we could only remain at the rim until 3pm, so we had to work fast. Tehnuka got to work setting up her filter pack. This instrument collects particles and acid gasses direction from the plume. The H2S from Villarrica is quite strong, and sitting directly in the plume for a few hours requires the use of full face gas masks.

Tehnuka measuring windspeed at the filter pack site on the crater rim

The filter pack set up in the plume

Kelby started by doing walking traverses with a DOAS beneath the volcanic plume. The night before, we rigged up what we call the DOAS helmet. We strapped a spectrometer to the back of Nial´s caving helmet, and kelby wore that atop his head while holding the laptop collecting the data and walking beneath the plume. It makes the rocky hike a bit exciting when you are not able to move your head — this meant stumbling over rocks (can´t look down) and blanking random passerbys asking what we were up to (can´t stop moving or look to the side to say hello).

Kelby doing a DOAS traverse beneath the plume

Meanwhile, Kayla was moving around on the crater rim gathering sun photometer measurements. This instrument looks at the incoming light from the sun and how it is scatterred by the plume. By looking at the change in irradiance of sunlight in 5 different wavelengths, you can back out information on particle and aerosol size distribution within the plume.

The Ground Team stayed at the Los Crateres site all day and got what might just be some stunning data. The conditions from that site were good for several hours. Now, we have to combine all of our data to see how it matches up!

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Villarrica day 1 – First data day

Monday was “Day One” on Villarrica – time to collect some good data! We woke up early to a nice view of the volcano from the observatory and split off into two groups: Kelby & Yves were the Los Crateres group and Tehnuka, Nial, & Kayla were the Glaciar Turbio group.

Glaciar Turbio

Since the Glaciar Turbio site was inaccessible the day before, Kayla acted as a Spanish interpreter and talked with one of the vertedero workers (see “Day 0” post) to sort out exactly where we were meant to be going. The route was to be down an unmarked trail through some stunning waterfalls. The worker pointed us in the right direction, but the trip ended up being somewhat of a bushwhacking adventure that Kelby might classify as a “boondoggle”.

Map of our field site locations

The road leading to the trailhead quickly turned too rough for our low clearance Hyundai 5-door to handle, so we parked the car and began our hike down the road. By the time we reached our parking spot, we had already passed several junctions not marked on our map. Hopefully we were in the right place. The plume was straight overhead – a good place for it to be for our scans – and the sky was clear, so we decided to take some measurements even though we were quite far (5 km or so) from the volcano.

Morning DOAS site looking for SO2 in the volcanic plume

After a half hour of scans we walked along what appeared to be a logging road for a while until we decided that we should simply head towards the volcano. We knew where we wanted to end up, and we had our GPS and map in hand. No problem. We soon found ourselves at the edge of a steep cliff overlooking a gorgeous view of Villarrica towering over a gorge filled with large cascades. What a sight!

A truly gorgeous fieldwork site!

The problem? The Glaciar Turbio site was at the bottom of said cliff and up the river. Time to begin bushwhacking our way through some bamboo forest and down an arroyo leading to the river at the bottom of the gorge. With some time and effort, we made it. We had an absolutely incredible view of the amazing landscape. Down by the river, we set up the DOAS for more scans while we ate lunch.

This would be a good site to scan the plume for now, but we still were not at our intended Glaciar Turbio site. And we still hadn’t found the unmarked trail shown on our trekking map. We left the DOAS to scan away for a bit while we scouted out how to get further up river.

We quickly found that there was no way to get up river on the side we were currently on, and we hadn’t seen anywhere to cross – at all spots, the river was much too wide and fast. Heading back down river, we were quickly dead-ended again with no way to cross the river. Surely, the unmarked trail was on the far side of the river, but we had no way to get to it.

By mid-afternoon, we decided that it was time to start heading back, so we packed our gear and bushwhacked our way back to the logging road. We never made it to Glaciar Turbio in the end (our best guess one possible wrong turn on the way to the trail head), but we did get a bit of good data and saw an amazing place!

Los Crateres

After hauling and stashing two car batteries and some tripods at the Los Crateres site, the hike up was much more enjoyable this time around. Kelby and Yves brought up the UV camera and two DOAS spectrometers with them to the site. With a nice view of the pume all day long, it looks like Los Crateres will be a permanent base camp for us.

Yves with a mass of cables for setting up instrumets at Los Crateres

Over the next few days, someone will be stationed at Los Crateres while another group either goes on more recon near Glaciar Turbio or up to the crater rim.

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Villarrica – A quick update from the team

We have been working our butts off and getting what looks like some very good data here on Volcan Villarrica! We have several blog posts backed up waiting to be published (we wish they could be coming in live, but we have very limited access to internet!). Expect more detailed field reports tomorrow.

We have had two teams summit to the rim of Villarrica while ground teams were simultaneously collecting data from the Los Crateres base camp. The past few days have been great weather for the spectrometers, UV camera, video camera, filter packs, and sun photometer. We are a happy bunch!

On Monday, we will leave the Villarrica area and head south to Puyehue Cordon-Caulle, a currently erupting volcano that (as you may remember) halted some airline flights in the southern hemisphere last year, sending ash all the way around the Earth.

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Villarrica Day 0 – Recon

Sunday was “Day Zero” on Villarrica volcano. We decided that the best use of our time would be to split into two groups and scout out good sites for taking measurements of the volcanic plume with both UV spectrometers (DOAS) and the UV camera.

Three sites were chosen for recon: Los Crateres, a lookout point on the north side of the volcano; Glaciar Turbio, along an unmarked trail to the east; and Glaciar Pichillancahue, another lookout point to the southeast.

Map of our field site locations

Los Crateres

The Los Crateres team, Kelby, Kayla, & Yves, set off on a beautiful but challenging hike. Carrying with them two full-sized car batteries, a 12 kg UV camera and accessories, a DOAS scanner, tripods, computers, and other odds and ends was an incredible challenge and required two trips to the site and back. Needless to say, the group was knackered by the end of the day.

It turns out that Los Crateres is a perfect spot for simultaneous UV camera and DOAS measurements. The view of the volcano and it’s plume is ideal. The team have stashed the car batteries and tripods at the site (carrying those things up once was enough!) and will come back to measure regularly from this site. Kelby managed to get a few measurements with his UV camera, but most of the day was spent getting the gear up there.

Scanning the plume from the Los Crateres site

Glaciar Turbio/Glaciar Pichillancahue

Nial and Tehnuka left the others at the main park entrance and drove around the volcano to the north, planning to find a route up the Rio Turbio that would get them to the Turbio glacier front, where they could set up a DOAS scan.

Unfortunately, the map led them astray, and they ended up driving down a dirt road (dodging cows) to what they thought was the park entrance, only to find a sign telling them it was closed on Sundays.

Neither of us knows much Spanish – but it turns out ‘Vertedero’ means rubbish dump.

They picked out an alternative track to the east, which would take them to Glacier Pichillancahue, and returned to the main road (dodging the same cows). After only one more wrong turn, the two found their way up a gravel road – which turned into a four wheel drive track somewhat earlier than expected. Carrying their gear, including the car battery in Nial’s pack, they both made it to the park rangers’ office.

The route they had chosen was a two hour walk starting a few kilometres further down the 4WD track. However, the helpful ranger suggested a shorter walk up to a lookout point (‘it gains a lot of altitude fast’, he said in Spanish) that would give a view of Villarrica’s plume as well as nearby volcanoes Quetrupilllan and Llaima. The site would be several kilometres further from the crater than we’d hoped, but it was almost noon and Nial and Tehnuka were keen to set up the scan while there was still plenty of UV, so they took the ranger’s advice and started winding their way up the hill. It would be interesting to see what they could pick up at that distance, anyway.

The walk did gain altitude quite fast, but after an hour and a half – Tehnuka thought the ranger had said it was a thirty minute walk – the two decided that the view of the plume wouldn’t get any better, and began to set up the DOAS. At this stage they realised that they were missing the cable that connected the computer to the scanner, and – when they decided to try scanning manually (moving the telescope by hand) just to see what they could pick up – the software wouldn’t open. As they walked back, clouds began to build over the summit.

It was a pretty long walk carrying a lot of gear, and it was quite disappointing not to get any data, but we agreed that it was better to have things go wrong on a reconnaissance day than any other time. On the bright side, we had some amazing views!

View while setting up the DOAS. The top of Villarrica is visible over the top of the ridge. The pale blue of the plume extends right of the summit - it is grounded near the crater and then rises. A cloud has formed along the line of the plume (in the middle of the photo).

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